RAINBOW

PONDERATION IN PHILOSOPHY ON LIGHT’S DUALITY

The objects of Classical Physics is particles of matter, its basic property is mass; And objects of Modern Physics is field, its basic property is energy. Modern Physics emerged from the discussion on the essence of light, it is not contingent.

Light, its two properties are very different from others: 1) wave – particle duality; 2) its velocity is constant in vacuum. These properties are not analogized by any common substance, that means light is very distinct in essence from other substance.

Photon is wave, also is particle too, the finally establishment of this view point was derived from the genius idea of Mr De Broglie, him deduction on a set of mathematical formulas claimed that any particle with mass and velocity (energy and momentum) has its wavelength and frequency, interpreted the wave property of a single photon.

Up to now, all authorized experiments have proved that the velocity of light travelling in vacuum is constant, no matter with the status of its reference frame, Fitzgerald Contraction and Lorentz Transformation clarified its correctness of the experiments in theory. Mr. Einstein affirmed the fact, basing on it, established The Special Theory of Relativity, with The General Theory of Relativity following developed later, they have acquired recognized achievements.

The ideas on light above are the foundation stones of Modern Physics.

Even the scholars do a lot of works for a century, to expand the depth and extent of Modern Physics, but seemed to ignore something more essential hiding behind the facts. This thesis is trying to interpret the essential ideas based on pure logic thinking, to have the esoteric course been understood more easier.

Since the time of Newton and Huygens, the argument of light is a particle or a wave was almost lasted for a century, until that De Broglie Wave function and Schrodinger Equation successfully described photon is a beam of wave, so established the theory on wave – particle duality of photon. Not only that, based the concepts of Modern Physics, a naturally extension is that De Broglie Wave can be applied to all particles. So that the wave – particle duality is not only a property of a photon, also of all particles. But De Broglie Wave is probability wave, a kind of wave in statistical significance, is it really the answer we have been looking for?

When they are in colony, the behaviour of huge quantity of photon can be described as probability wave of De Broglie, but referring to a single photon, how could it be interpreted as wave? However, colony and individual are two different concepts, in a sense of logic, the property of colony is not same to the property of individual. The distribution of a throng of people could be described as a function of probability wave, but it not means that a single people possesses the same property, too. To a single photon, how can we interpret it as a beam of wave?

Light is a kind of electromagnetic wave, a very reason of drawing the conclusion is it has same velocity travelling in vacuum as electromagnetic wave. According to the Maxwell’s Theory, the mechanism of electromagnetic wave is variations of electric fields exciting variations of magnetic fields, conversely, variations of magnetic fields exciting variations of electric fields, repeating the process in endless, electromagnetic wave is propagating spreadly in vacuum. Maxwell Field Equations vividly describe the mutual excitation, its differential formulas as below:

div D = 0
rot H = ЭD / Эt
rot E = – ЭB / Эt
div B = 0

Light is no electric character, also no magnetic character, does it propagate in same way like electromagnetic wave? If it does be a kind of electromagnetic wave, should have a same mechanism as common electromagnetic wave. hereby a question is: In the process of light travelling, what is its mutual excitation? Which take the places of H and E?

For answer the questions above, quoting several viewpoints which have been approached by many scholars at different occasions, list them here as the bases of following discussion, that are:

1) There are only two kinds of basic matter in universe: mass and energy.
2) Both of mass and energy can be mutually transformed in the equation of E = MC2，following the law of conservation of mass – energy.
3) The essence of all activities in nature is transformation of energies.
4) Photon has property of mass – energy duality.
5) Mass follows the law of Newton’s Mechanics.
6) Energy follows Maxwell’s Law and Schrodinger’s Equation.
7) Mass and energy are acting in different pattern: Mass moving in displacement, energy moving in wave, the velocities of both can not be added.

The more details for the sentences above as below: Mass and energy are the most basic two kinds of matter which constitute our world, energy can exist in independence, and not depending on mass. In comparison, energy is more widespread existing in universe, fulling with energy in universal space (might it’s a explanation for dark matter and virtual particle), it exists in pattern of field. Mass is one type of energy with high density, existing in pattern of energy island. The distribution status of energy in space is not even, there are two kinds of energy field in universe: Even field and radiant field, even field existing in even space, gradient field existing around field islands. Gravitational field is one kind of gradient field, distortions of energy field occurring around an energy island becomes it, gravitation probably is one effect of gradient difference. Distortion of energy field can be taken place around objects with acceleration, becoming a gradient field. In The General Theory of Relativity, both of gravitational field and acceleration field are equivalent.

The essence of all activities in nature is transformation of energies, universal space is an ocean of energy with waves roaring, transforming its energies incessantly all the time. Energy in space is in an overlapping status of many kinds of field (Energy in every spot of space is a function with multi-variables and multi-exponent), a kind of field only can respond to energies with specific frequencies. Also mass exchanges energies with external every time, emitting and absorbing energies, even converts itself directly to energy by the Equation of Mass – Energy Relation, E = MC2. Any mass only can be exchanged to energy in a range of frequencies with external, following the law of conservation of mass – energy. Energy is composed of quantum, quantum is the smallest unit of energy, e = hν, in which h is Planck Constant, ν is the frequency of resonance.

There has implicated the ideas of photon being in the brink status of mass and energy in the treory on photon with the property of wave – particle duality, so that photon is rather regarded as possessing the property of mass – energy duality, than of wave – particle duality. Mass is a property referring to particle, energy is a property referring to wave, if photon possesses duality of particle and wave, of course possesses duality of mass and energy. Regarding photon as possessing the duality of mass and energy, still can retain the concept on the velocity of light being absolute, but in the new theory, the velocity is no more referring to travelling photons, is referring to energies propagating in field.

Same as photon, any elementary particle which is so infinitesimal that can be applicable by The Uncertainty Principle of Heisenberg, it is in the brink status of mass and energy, or in the brink status of annihilation.

Then how does light propagate? Being it’s on the brink status of mass and energy, one possibility maybe is the transforming between both of mass and energy, similar to what doing by both of electricity and magnetism. So the wave equation should be as:

div εE = 0
rot M = ЭεE / Эt
rot E = – ЭμM / Эt
div μM = 0

There electric field E is replaced by energy E, magnetic field H is replaced by mass M, εE is flux of energy, and μM is flux of mass. Similar to electromagnetic transform, there is no pure flux of mass and energy in a close domain of space (conservation of mass and energy), their divergences are identically vanishing. If light wave has a same propagating mechanism as electromagnetic wave, this analogy probably is approaching to authentic.

When a cluster of energy shrinks up to mass, a slight perturbation has its center deviated; when mass exhales (collapse or spallation) down to energy, same is too. Every alternation causes a tiny displacement, so that the wave propagates away. If the times of the alternation and size of the displacement per time unit((frequency and wave length) can be known, the velocity of the propagation can be precisely calculated as their product (velocity of light).

How does transform between mass and energy? Supposing there maybe exists a critical density of energy field in universe, once the density of energy is becoming larger than the critical point, an energy island forms, it presenting the property of particle (mass). Photon (a pile of hν) just is about the value of critical status, its pulsation occurring transformation between both statuses of mass and energy, similar as the mutual excitation of electronic field and magnetic field.

A photon is a kind of density wave rather than a kind of probability wave. Mr. De Broglie abandoned up “density wave” and adopted “probability wave”, though both can be used to describe the distribution in space of energy, but it is more easier to explain the wave – particle duality of photon from the view angle of density. The variation of density of energy following time and space just is the essence of wave, the distribution of the density of energy in time and space just is the formation’s reason of probability wave. A photon is in the brink statue of betweenness of mess and energy, when its density is less than the critical value, it presents a property of energy field; when its density is more than the critical value, it presents a property of particle, photon being a density wave, it is more easier to interpret the experiment on a double slit interference.

De Broglie Wave links the both of particle and wave, a derivation on the most basic dues to Einstein’s equation of mass and energy: MC2 = hν, the former presents particle’s kinetic energy, the latter presents wave’s field energy. The equation is available only when both of kinetic energy and field energy, or particle and wave, can be free exchanged, similar to the concept of “exchange rate” in different currencies, when a particle (kinetic energy) is disappeared, a wave (field energy) appears, conversely, when a wave (field energy) is disappeared, a particle (kinetic energy) appears. As this pattern, De Broglie Wave only exists once a particle is transformed into energy, when De Broglie Wave appears, the particle has disappeared. So De Broglie Wave only is available in microworld, not in macrocosm, it’s no sense to a flying bullet.

In generally, any wave is a propagation of energy, a kind of wave only can propagate in a special energy field, and essence of light is a propagation of energy. Photon and elementary particles are in the critical status between mass and energy, so light has the properties both of mass and energy, its propagating is a process of transformation between mass and energy. Energy is existing independently, without appendanting to mass. People accustoms that energy being just regarded as a property of mass, but in the new idea, it is a more basic substance, existing more widespread than mass in universe.

Mass and energy are two kinds of the elemental substance, they are moving in very different patterns: Mass is moving in displacement, and energy is moving in wave, velocities of both can not be added. That is the reason why no variation of light’s velocity on the Michelson – Morley Experiment was observed, it is just because the velocity of light travelling can not be added with the velocity of earth moving. The light emitting from a moving object just emerges the Doppler Shift, that is an only memory’s effect to its host.

Mass and energy (particle and wave) is moving in different modes, alike boat in river, what can be added with the velocity of boat moving is the velocity of water (mass) flowing, but not the velocity of water wave (energy) travelling. The wave can influence the boat’s motion, but the velocities of both are not applicable to a direct addition. Mass acting on energy is same as energy acting on mass, they are not applicable to the simple addition principle.

The Michelson – Morley Experiment confirms that the velocity of light travelling in vacuum is constant, the Fitzgerald Contraction and Lorentz Transformation are quoted to explain the fact theoretically. They perfectly describe that the principle on velocity of light being how to apply for all different kinds of inertia frame, but are not the reason of the matter. As mentioned above, the reason of light’s velocity being constant is that any motion of any coordinate frame being not influencing the velocity of light travelling in vacuum, both of them can not be added.

I would like to claim that what mentioned above just is a possibility’s hypothesis, as I am not in the frontier of the subject, also not have any basic equipment to verify the hypothesis, only can extract clues from the recognizable known facts, try to weave a more concise and orderly pattern of the Modern Physics, have it more easier been understood by learners. If it can be “throw out a brick to attract a jade”, that is the very target of this essay.

2015.06.16

光速不變的哲學思考

經典物理學的研究对象是宏觀世界的物質粒子，它們的基本屬性是質量；近代物理學的研究对象是場，它的基本屬性是能量，近代物理學的誕生源於對光的本質的討論，這不是偶然的。

光有兩個非常與眾不同的獨特性質：一是它的波粒二相性；二是它在真空的傳播速度恒定不變。這些屬性幾乎是任何其它常規物體不能與之類比的，意味著它與其它任何物體有著完全不同的本質。

光是波、同時又是粒子，這個觀點的最終確立是源于德布羅意先生天才的思想，他通過一組數學公式演繹表明任何具有質量和速度（能量和動量）的粒子都具有波長和頻率，詮釋了單個光子的波屬性。

迄今為止，權威的實驗都證明了光在真空中恒以不變的速度傳播，而無論參考系的運動狀態，斐茲傑惹收縮和洛倫茲變換從理論上闡明了實驗的正確性。愛因斯坦先生肯定了這一點並在此基礎上建立了狹義相對論，它和隨後發展起來的廣義相對論在一個世紀以來已經取得了公認的成就。

上述這些有關於光的觀念，是奠造近代物理學的基石。

雖然在一個世紀以來學者們做了大量的工作，拓延了近代物理學的深度和廣度，但是似乎忽略了某些隱含在事實後面更基本的東西，本文試圖在純粹邏輯思考基礎上對上述基本觀念的作一些詮釋，簡化這門高深的課程使之更易於理解。

自牛頓和惠更斯先生的時代以來，有關光是粒子還是波的爭論持續了將近一個世紀，直到德布羅伊波函數和薛定諤方程成功地描述光子也是一“束”波，確立了光的波粒二相性。還不僅於此，在近代物理學的基本概念裡，自然而然的引伸是，德布羅意波適用於所有實物粒子，因此波粒二相性不再是光獨有的屬性，而是所有實物粒子的共性。但是，德布羅伊波是一種幾率波，一個統計學意義上的波，它真正是我們一直在尋求的答案嗎？

如果把光束當成群體來研究，大量光子的行為可以和任何粒子群體一樣被描繪成一種幾率波，這是不辯自明的常理。但群體與個體是兩個不同的概念，從邏輯意義上說，群體的屬性畢竟不等於個體的屬性，城市中人群的分佈形態可以用幾率波函數描述，但這並不表明某個人也具有波的屬性。就單個光子而言，怎麼把它理解成“波”呢？

光是電磁波，得出這個結論的最重要的原因是光與電磁波在真空中都有相同的傳播速度。我們知道，按照麥克斯韋理論，電磁波的傳播機制是變化的電場激發變化的磁場，反過來，變化的磁場又激發出變化的電場，不停地重複這個過程，電磁波就在真空裡傳播出去。麥克斯韋波動方程組形象地描述了這種相互激勵，它們的微分形式是：

div D = 0
rot H = ЭD / Эt
rot E = – ЭB / Эt
div B = 0

光既不顯電性，也不顯磁性，它是否以類似電磁波的行為方式傳播呢？如果它確實是一種電磁波，它也應該具有與一般電磁波同樣的傳播機制。問題是：在光傳播過程中，是什麼在互相激勵呢？是什麼來取代H和E呢？

為了解決這些疑問，我想引用幾個觀點，我所以說“引用”，是因為這些觀點已經被眾多知名的及不知名的學者在各種不同的場合探討過，本文只是把它們提取出來作為後續討論的基礎。這就是：

1）宇宙間只有兩種基本物質：質量和能量；
2）質量和能量間以E = MC2轉換，遵守質能守恆定律。
3）自然界一切活動的本質是能量的轉換。
4）光具有質能二相性。
5）質量遵循牛頓力學定律；
6）能量遵循麥克斯韋定律和薛定諤方程；
7）質量和能量有不同的運動形態：質量以位移的方式運動、能量以波的方式運動，兩者的速度不遵循迭加原理。

對上面表述更詳細的說明如下：質量和能量是組成我們世界最基本的兩種物質，能量可以獨立存在，不必依附質量。相對而言，能量更普遍地存在於我們的宇宙之中。宇宙空間充滿了能量（它可以是暗物質、虛粒子的一種解釋），它們以場的形式存在，質量是高密度的能量，以能量島的形式存在；空間能量分佈不是均勻的，能量場分為均勻場和梯度場兩種，勻強場分佈在均勻空間，能量島附近形成梯度場。引力場是一種梯度場，是能量場在能量島附近畸變形成，引力是能量梯度差的一種效應。加速運動的物體也會引起周圍的能量場畸變，形成梯度場（加速場）。在廣義相對論裡，引力場和加速場是等價的。

自然界一切活動的本質是能量的轉換，宇宙空間是一個波濤洶湧的能量的海洋，無時無刻不在進行能量轉換。空間能量是多個不同種類的場的疊加（每一點的能量都是空間和時間的多元多階函數），每種場只對一定頻率的能量發生作用（諧振）；質量每時每刻都在與外界交換能量，發射和吸收能量，甚至直接轉換成能量（遵守E = MC2），任何質量只能與外界交換一定頻率範圍的能量，遵守質能守恆定律。能量由最小量子構成：e = hν，e為最小能量元、它們是構成能量場的基元，其中h為普郎克常數、ν為諧振頻率。

光是粒子，它是質量和能量的邊緣狀態。因此與其我們認為光具有波粒二相性，不如把它看成是質能二相性。光的波粒二相性理論中已經隱含了光是質量和能量的邊緣形態的概念，質量是粒子的屬性、能量是波的屬性，如果說光既是粒子又是波，它當然也就既是質量也是能量。把光看成是具有質量和能量二相性，仍然可以保留光速不變的觀點，不過在新的觀念光速不再是光子行進的速度，而是能量在場中傳播的速度。

如同光子一樣，當任何基本粒子微小到可以適用於海森堡測不准原理時，它就處於介於質量和能量的邊緣狀態，物質湮沒的邊緣狀態。

那麼光是怎麼傳播的呢？光是質量和能量的邊緣形態，那較大的一種可能性就是質和能互相轉換，類似與電和磁的互相激勵。那麼它的波動方程應該是：

div εE = 0
rot M = ЭεE / Эt
rot E = – ЭμM / Эt
div μM = 0

其中電場E由能量E代替，磁場H由質量M代替，εE是能量元的通量，μM是質量元的通量。類比於電磁轉換，在真空的封閉區域沒有淨能量和淨質量通過（質能守恆），因而它們的散度都等於零。如果光波和電磁波具有相同的傳播機制，這種類比可能是接近真實的。

當一團能量彙聚成一個質量時，輕微的擾動使它重心偏離；當一個質量發散（或者說坍塌、蛻變）成一團能量時，也是如此，每一次轉換都發生微小位移，波就因此傳播出去。如果知道單位時間轉換的次數（頻率）和位移的大小（波長），就可以精確計算傳播速度（光速）！

怎麼實現這種轉換呢？可以設想宇宙能量場可能存在一個臨界的能量密度，當能量密度大於這個值時，形成能量島，呈現出粒子（質量）特徵。而光子（它應該是大量hν的集合）密度恰好在這個密度值附近，它的脈動（膨脹和收縮）使它在能量和質量兩種狀態之間變換，類似於電場和磁場的相互激勵。但是兩者不是完全對稱的，正如電磁波更強地表現出電的特性，光更強地表現出能量（波）的特性。

粒子是一個幾率波，不如說粒子是一個密度波。德布羅意捨棄了密度波選擇了幾率波，雖然密度波和幾率波本質上同樣都可以描述能量在空間的分佈，但是從密度的視角更易於解釋光子的波粒二相性。能量的密度隨時間和空間變化正是波的本質，密度隨時間和空間分佈才是幾率波的成因。粒子介於質量和能量的邊緣狀態，當密度小於臨界值時，表現出能量場的特性，大於臨界值時，表現出粒子特性。把光子視為密度波，也更易於直觀地解釋雙縫干涉。

德布羅意波把粒子和波連系起來，最基本的推導來自於愛因斯坦的質能方程：MC2 = hν，要注意到，這個等式只有在質能能夠自由轉換時才有效。類同於錢幣“兌換率”的表述，前者表示粒子的動能，後者表示波的場能，只有動能和場能能夠自由變換時，亦即粒子和波能夠相互自由轉換時才有效。當粒子和動能消失了，才有波和場能存在；反之當波和場消失了，才有粒子和動能存在。就如當你用10塊美元兌現60塊港幣時，你有了60元港幣，就不再有這10塊美元，這就是兌換的意義。所以德布羅意波只有當粒子兌換成能量才存在，當德布羅意波出現時，粒子已經消失了！這個表述顯然在宏觀世界無效，只是在微觀世界有效，就如求解一顆飛行的子彈的德布羅意波是沒有意義的，因為對於一顆飛行的子彈來說，它的質和能之間不能實現完全的相互轉換。

概述之，任何波都是能量的傳播；不同的波只能在特定的能量場裡傳播；光的本質是能量的傳播。光和基本粒子都是能量和質量的臨界形態，因此光具有質能二相性，它的傳播過程就是質量和能量不斷轉換的過程。能量是獨立的，不必依附質量而存在。我們曾習慣於預設能量是質量的一種屬性而已，在新的觀念裡，它應該是比質量更廣泛存在、也是更基本的實體。

質量和能量作為兩種最基本的物質，它們有完全不同的運動形態：質量以位移的方式運動、能量以波的方式運動，兩者的速度不遵循迭加原理。這正是我們在邁克爾遜-莫雷實驗中測不到光速變化的原因，因為光速不能與地球運動速度疊加。在運動物體上發出的光只產生多普勒偏移，這是它對於曾經寄居的母體的運動狀態的唯一的記憶效應。

質量和能量（粒子和光）各以不同的方式運動，有如江河裡的行船，能和船速迭加的是水流（質量）的速度，而不是波浪（能量）的傳播速度。波浪可以影響船速，但兩者之間沒有直接的迭加作用。當質量作用于能量時，也如能量作用于質量時，它們之間都不適用於簡單的速度迭加原理。

邁克爾遜-莫雷實驗確認了光在真空中傳播的速度是不變的，為此引進斐茲傑惹收縮和洛倫茲變換，它們以近乎完美的形態描述了各個不同的慣性系如何適合於光速不變的原則，但卻不是光速不變的原因。如前所述，光速不變的原因是：任何坐標系的運動不會影響光的傳播速度，不遵循迭加原理。
我想說明，以上只是一種“可能性”的假設，這是因為筆者並不在這門學科的前沿，也沒有基本的儀器對這些假設進行驗證，只能從已知並被公認的現象事實中尋找有用的線索，力圖編織一幅更為簡明而有序的近代物理學模型，使更多學習者易於瞭解這門學科。如果能起到抛磚引玉的效果，那就正是本文的目的。

A SPECIES’S GLANCING AT RAROTONGA

01) Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) – 面包果02) Guava (Psidium guajava) – 番石榴03) Fish-poison Tree (Barringtonia asiatica) – 滨玉蕊04) Noni (Morinda citrifolia) – 檄树05) Polynesian Mahogany (Calophllum inophyllum) – 波利尼西亚桃花心木06) Pink and White Shower (Cassia javanica) – 爪哇决明07) Yellow Allamanda (Allamanda carthartica) – 黄蝉08) Miss Joaquim Orchia (Vanda ‘Miss Joaquim’) – 万代兰09) Phasey Bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) – 野豆10) Oceanic Gecko (Gehyra oceanica) – 海洋壁虎11) Button Trochus (Trochus nilotcus) – 马蹄螺
12) Rough Turban (Turbo setosus) – 圆蝾螺13) Hidden Sea Urchin (Tripneustes gratilla) – 海胆
14) Pale Burrowing Urchin (Echinometra mathaei) – 海胆15) Brown Pencil-urchin (Heterocentrotus mammillatus) – 石笔海胆16) Vivid-blue Starfish (Linckia laevigata) – 海星17) Surf Redfish (Actinopyga mauritiana) – 海参18)  Flame Lily (Gloriosa superba) – 嘉兰

2015 in review

WordPress.com Stats Helper Monkey 为此博客制作了一份 2015 年度报告。

下面是一段摘要：

一辆旧金山叮当车能搭载 60 位乘客。2015 年，此博客的浏览量约为 1,100 次。若用旧金山叮当车来运载这些乘客，差不多要运 18 趟。

点击此处查看完整报告。

CENTER OF NZ

库克山的童话

新西兰有一个著名的旅游胜地库克山，每年除本地人之外，还有很多世界各地的游客慕名而来游览。

库克山半山腰上有一朵野生的小白花，它是如此美丽、如此稀少、如此珍贵，它在山风的吹拂下轻轻地摇弋，仿佛是山上一幅永恒的风景。它是如此地遭人怜爱和尊重，几乎从世界各地来到此地的每一个游客都要与它合影留念，很多游客（尽管他们通常都是见多识广的旅行者）甚至在它周围盘桓流连近半小时之久。

所有的游客都经过了它，带走了都是它的倩影，直到有一天，山上来了一伙人，他们也注意到了这朵花，他们马上意识到这是一朵野花，除了大自然它不属于任何人，所以他们毫不犹豫把它采下来，据为己有带走了。

从此，山上再也没有了这朵花！

外国游客有欧洲人、美洲人、非洲人、澳洲人、亚洲人，当然其中也少不了无处不在的中国人，谁会采走这朵花呢？我想满世界的人都知道这个答案！

遗憾的是，这并不是童话，这是一个上周从库克山下来的华人朋友告诉我的真实故事，她不巧正好目睹了这一幕！

她告诉我摘花的一伙是一家来新西兰度春节假的三个中国女子，中年的一个三十多岁。祖孙三代在不同的教育环境下长大，但是这种教育的一个共同点是：没有公德！

朋友一个人独行，仍然鼓起勇气提出劝誡，不料竟遭到三人的白眼相睤。

无语，是记。

WHAT IN GARDEN?

01) Lavender（Lavandula angustifolia）- 薰衣草02) Epiphyllum (Epiphyllum oxypetalum) – 昙花03) Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) – 野萝卜04) Broadleaf Woodsorrel (Oxalis latifolia) – 宽叶酢浆草05) Cyathea (Cyathea spinulosa) – 桫椤06) Bromeliad (Neoregelia marmorata) – 凤梨07) Krantz Aloe (Aloe arborescens) – 芦荟08) Falling Stars (Crocosmia crocosmiiflora) – 流星花09) Fairy Crassula (Crassula multicava) – 玉树景天10) Apple (Malus hybrids) – 苹果11) Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) – 南瓜12) Pink clover (Trifolium pratense) – 三叶草13) Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) – 蒲公英14) Treasure Flower (Gazania rigens) – 勛章菊15) Blue Agave (Agave cactus) – 龙舌兰16) Nile Lily (Agapanthus praecox) – 尼罗百合17)  Foxtail (Agave attenuata) – 翠绿龙舌兰18) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) – 迷迭香19) Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum vulgare) – 法兰西菊20) Bristly Oxtongue (Helminotheca echioides) – 毛莲菜21) Ribleaf  (Plantago lanceolata) – 长叶车前22) Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) – 樱桃蕃茄23) Heal All  (Prunella vulgaris) – 夏枯草24) Umbrella Sedge (Cyperus eragrostis) – 纸莎草25) Red Pimpernel (Anagallis arvensis) – 琉璃繁缕26) Common Centaury (Centaurium erythraea) – 鬼灯檠27) Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) – 草莓28) Buttercup (Ranunculus uncinatus) – 毛茛29) Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus uliginosus) – 车轴草30) Cabbage Tree (Cordyline australis) – 卷心菜树31)  Ivy (Hedera helix) – 常青藤32) Goose Grass (Eleucine indica) – 鹅草33) Hawksbeard (Crepis capillaris) – 黄鹌菜34) Hawkbit (Leontodon taraxacoides) – 狮牙苣 35) Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica) – 枇杷36) Glossy Privet (Ligustrum lucidum) – 女贞37) Paspalum (Paspalum dilatatum) – 雀稗38) Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) – 田旋花39) Woolly Nightshade (Solanum mauritianum) – 羊毛葵40) Godley’s Kōwhai (Sophora godleyi) – 智利豆41)  Willowherb (Epilobium palustre) – 沼泽柳叶菜42）Wine Grape (Vitis vinifera) – 酿酒葡萄43) Mock Strawberry (Duchesnea indica) – 蛇莓44) Rose (Rosa chinensis) – 月季45) Curly Dock (Rumex crispus) – 皱叶酸模46) Willow Weed (Persicaria maculosa) – 春蓼47) Common Daisy (Bellis perennis) – 雏菊48) Ghost Plant  (Graptopetalum paraguayense) – 石莲花49) Broadleaf Plantain (Plantago major) – 车前草50) Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) – 玛卢卡51) Holly Fern (Cyrtomium falcatum) – 全缘贯众52) Turkey Rhubarb (Acetosa sagittata) – 土耳其大黄53) Glossy nightshade (Solanum americanum) – 龙葵54) Cudweed (Gnaphalium uliginosum) – 佛耳草55) Mondo Grass (Ophiopogon japonicus) – 麦冬56) Field woundwort (Stachys arvensis) – 田野水蘇57) Petty Spurge (Euphorbia peplus) – 南欧大戟58) Brazilian Fireweed (Erechtites valerianifolia) – 菊芹59) Sticky Weed (Galium aparine) – 拉藤60) Calla Lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) – 马蹄莲61) Flos Lonicerae (Lonicera japonica) –  金银花62) Climbing Rosa (Rosa multiflora) – 蔷薇63) Mirror Bush (Coprosma repens) – 镜子丛林64) Lemon (Citrus limon) – 柠檬65)  Potato (Solanum tuberosum) – 土豆66)  Avocado (Persea americana) – 牛油果67) Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) – 西瓜69) Christmas Lily (Lilium longiflorum) – 麝香百合70) Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) – 蓝梅
71) Commom Poppy(Papaver rhoeas) – 虞美人

GALLERY OF A TYRO

FLYING BUTTER?

Although wide spreading with woods and bushes, but is really hard to see much more insects around my place, I believe that should impute to birds. There are a lot of birds, on sky, on garden, on tree, on bush, you can see them anywhere and anytime. Once I saw three blackbirds preying on catch a poor moth on my way, and know how dangerous to most insects is birds.

But for Monarch butterfly, something seemed very different. It is really strange, you could often see they leisurely flew in sky without any scaring. One time, I saw a blackbird fly to a Monarch, but just 50 cm near, it suddenly turn away with an odd curve. So I speculate the Monarch butterfly is venomous to birds, that is a only reasonable explanation.

I checked my speculation via internet yesterday, the result is as following:

Monarchs have an effective chemical defense. When they eat milkweed, they sequester the poisonous cardenolides in the milkweed. Cardenolides are poisonous to vertebrates, and most Monarchs face little predation from frogs, lizards, mice, birds, and other species with backbones. (http://www.monarchwatch.org/biology/pred1.htm)

That is true, Monarch is poisonous to birds, and other vertebrates. How interesting that is, flying butter is not a morsel.